<p>Other placesMerchants National Bank </p><br>
<p>Merchants National Bank is a bank building in Winona, Minnesota, United States, designed in the Prairie School architectural style. It was built in 1912 and features elaborate terracotta and stained-glass ornamentation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for being the "largest and probably best example" of the 18 Midwestern banks designed by Purcell, Feick & Elmslie, a significant influence on early-20th-century American architecture. It is also a contributing property to the Winona Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Architects William Gray Purcell, George Feick, Jr., and George Grant Elmslie intended the building to appear solid and stable, to impress both bankers and customers. The design elements reflected the agricultural importance of the community, with terracotta sculptures of grain on the exterior and murals of farm scenes—painted by their friend Albert Fleury—inside. A terracotta eagle perches above the entrance. The interior receives sunlight through stained glass window walls and a skylight, and is also lit with vertical light standards topped by round globes. Purcell used some of these design features in the Edna S. Purcell House, built a year later.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Until the early 20th century Americas civic institutions looked to European antecedents for architectural models. As a result, neoclassical columns and pediments not only predominated but also served as billboards proclaiming the security and gravitas of these establishments. The Merchants National Bank departed from this tradition by taking its inspiration from native sources—the uniquely American architecture of Louis Sullivan and the Prairie School tenets of Frank Lloyd Wright. Sullivans 1908 National Farmers&#39; Bank of Owatonna first demonstrated how successful the marriage of American style and banking needs could be.</p><br>
<p>The Winona bank was unusual for its time and place. In the prosperous river town where Victorian commercial blocks prevailed, the banks cube-like geometry was arrestingly different. Botanically inspired (and decidedly nonclassical) terracotta ornamentation crept across its façades. Stained glass, generally reserved for religious structures, was used liberally in expansive windows and a sky lit ceiling, transforming daylight into a multi-hued glow. Yet the building was also firmly rooted in the Minnesota landscape. Earthy brick and terracotta referenced the towns history of brick manufacturing. Large wall murals, depicting river scenes and the Wisconsin bluffs, spoke of the natural beauty that first lured settlers to the area. In its singularity and sense of place, the remarkable American-bred structure evoked a sense of pride among Winonans and Minnesotans alike.</p><br>
<p>Comfort Station No. 72  is a historic visitor services building in Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon, United States. It was built in 1930 to provide a public toilet and shower facilities for park visitors. It was constructed in the National Park Service Rustic style of architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Comfort Station #4 (building 72) is located in Rim Village in Crater Lake National Park. It was built to provide public showers and restrooms for park visitors. It is located on the southwest side of the Rim Village behind the main cafeteria and gift shop.</p><br>
<p>The building is a one-story, wood-frame structure with native stones applied to the exterior to match the exterior of the nearby Rim Village cafeteria. Originally, an oil-burning water heater was used to heat shower water for park visitors. Today, the building remains an important part of the Rim Village landscape, despite minor alterations made to the structure when it was converted from a comfort station to an electrical transformer vault. Because it is now a utility building, it is no longer open to the public. Nevertheless, the structure retains its rustic appearance and contributes to the character of the Rim Village area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 22 May 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill making Crater Lake the Nations sixth national park. The United States Department of the Interior was charged with developing visitor services in the park. The National Park Service approved a master plan for development of Rim Village in 1927. Implementation of the plan was overseen by the National Park Services Landscape Engineering Division.</p><br>
<p>Today, the six main buildings in Rim Village and a number of minor structures like Comfort Station #4 still reflect the rustic design features of the original National Park Service master plan. As a result, Rim Village was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 (NRHP #97001155).</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Rim Village is located high in the Cascade Mountains, 7,100 ft above sea level. In the Rim Village area, winter lasts eight months. While access to the Rim Village is normally year-round, most of the facilities are only open during the summer months due to the heavy winter snowfall that averages 533 inches (1,354 cm) per year.</p><br>
<p>McConnell Springs is a twenty-six acre natural park located at the historic springs where the city of Lexington, Kentucky was named. The park is a non-profit organization in partnership with the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Division of Parks and Recreation. The mission statement of this organization is to restore and preserve McConnell Springs as a national historic site, an educational resource for culture and environment, and a passive recreational park.</p><br>
<h2>Natural Landscape</h2><br>
<p>McConnell Springs Park is an ecosystem of karst topography. This type of landscape is the result of water dissolving soluble rock, such as limestone, thus creating sinkholes, underground streams, caves, and springs. The most significant environmental feature is a complex system of sinking springs. McConnell Springs is the only known site in Fayette County that has a series of artesian springs that come to the surface, go underground, reappear, flow on the surface and go back underground only to surface again a third of a mile away. About 20% of the United States is underlain with karst landscapes, and 40% of all drinking water comes from karst aquifers.</p><br>
<p>McConnell Springs has three major natural springs. The first is The Blue Hole, which gets its name due to appearance of the water looking blue. The illusion of the colored water is due to the 15 foot depth of this spring. The second major spring is The Boils. Although some may think that this spring is hot due to its given name, it is not. It gets its name due to the heavy rain water that rushes up from underground which in return makes the spring appear as it is boiling. The last feature is named The Final Sink. All the water from the park flows into this sink hole which then resurfaces at Preston&#39;s Cave Spring.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Significance</h2><br>
<p>McConnell Springs is historically and environmentally significant to this area. The naming of Lexington is the central historic event which marked McConnell Springs&#39; place in history. William McConnell and his party of kinsmen, companion surveyors, explorers and would-be settlers established a small camp in this area in June 1775. The group named their camp "Lexington" in honor of one of the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in Lexington, Massachusetts. Four years later this name was adopted when founding their town. In the ensuing years, the McConnell property changed hands several times with remnants of past use still visible throughout the park - including stone fences, a barn foundation, a small rock quarry, remains of an old dam and the foundation of an old creamery. The site became an unused, dilapidated area, used mainly for industrial dumping space. In the early 1990s, the community of Lexington decided to restore McConnell Springs as a historic site and nature education center, leading to the formation on the. Debris was removed from the site, and the land was placed into the city park system to be preserved. The Kentucky American Water Nature Center was constructed, and the park was opened to the public in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Park Features</h2><br>
<p>McConnell Springs also has two miles of trails, with a half-mile paved loop which makes the park accessible to most visitors, as well as an education center.</p><br>
<p>McConnell Springs park is protected sanctuary by the city of Lexington. It has rules such as no pets and no camping. The water surface quality is also regularly monitored to ensure that the springs are natural and not being contaminated by pollutants.</p><br>
<p>Acadia National Park, largely on Mount Desert Island, off the coast of the USA state of Maine, was created in part by land and other donations by John D. Rockefeller Jr. Between 1919 and 1931, Rockefeller, who was opposed to the introduction of automobiles on the island, personally oversaw the construction of a network of carriage roads, closed to motorized vehicles, on the eastern half of the island, including sixteen granite bridges and two gatehouses. The major portion of this network now falls within the bounds of the national park, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The network of carriage roads is open to the public for non-motorized uses in the summer, including walking and bicycling. In the winter, most of the network is open to cross-country skiing, and a portion of it is open to snowmobiling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in about 1890, Mount Desert Island became a summer resort haven for a number of wealthy families, including the Rockefellers, Carnegies, and Vanderbilts. Despite their efforts to keep the island free of motor vehicles, their presence was authorized across the whole island by 1915. John D. Rockefeller Jr., who had a large summer house on the southeastern part of the island, in response embarked on a major effort to build a network of carriage roads on its eastern half, which would be isolated from the roads open to motor vehicles, and which would provide access to the scenic views of the area. He personally selected the skilled craftsmen who built the roads, bridges, and gatehouses, and directly supervised a significant portion of the work, which took place between 1919 and 1931. The overall design was approved by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. The entire project resulted in the construction of more than 50 mi of roads, sixteen bridges, and two Tudor Revival gatehouses at the points where the system intersected the public roads. The present bounds of Acadia National Park include 47 mi of these roads, thirteen of its bridges, and both gatehouses.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Carriage paths and bridges</h3><br>
<p>The carriage paths consist of a network of wide paths, laid out to take advantage of the areas natural terrain, and to provide access to fine views of the areas lakes, mountains, and bays. Foot paths extend from the carriage paths into the woods. The carriage paths are about 16 ft wide, and are generally surfaced by the National Park Service with fine gravel, with a slight rise at the center to allow for proper drainage. The trails are resurfaced every ten to fifteen years due to Maine&#39;s heavy winters.</p><br>
<p>The bridges in the network are all built out of hand-hewn locally quarried granite. They were specifically designed to blend into the landscape in an organic manner, and are sited so that they may be used as viewing platforms for the scenery, and so that they may themselves be viewed. They often include viewing platforms for one or both purposes. The only bridge that has been altered in any significant way is the Eagle Lake Bridge, which carries Maine State Route 233 over a carriage path, and was the subject of an award-winning widening project in 1974.</p><br>
<h3>Gatehouses</h3><br>
<p>The Brown Mountain Gatehouse, also known locally as "The Lodge", is near the southwestern corner of the park on Maine State Routes 3 and 198. It is a small complex consisting of the gatehouse, a caretaker&#39;s house, and carriage house, and was designed in the Tudor Revival style by Grosvenor Atterbury. It is built of rubble-stone masonry, with occasional bands of precisely-laid dressed stone and brick. The buildings are roofed in polychrome terra cotta tile. The gates are made of cypress wood, and are set in a segmented-arch opening. This lodge, like the one at Jordan Pond, is now used for park service staff housing. On the inside of the gate, away from the main road, there is an expansive area of landscaped lawn.</p><br>
<p>The Jordan Pond Gatehouse is at the southern end of Jordan Pond, where the carriage path network intersects the Park Loop Road. Like the Brown Mountain Gatehouse, it was also designed by Atterbury and contains similar elements and styling. It is laid out in a more linear fashion, with its elements joined by a masonry fence. The towers that flank the gates are topped by bellcast roofs with terra cotta tile.</p><br>
<p>The Lowertown Historic District is a historic district in the Lowertown neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. This 16-block warehouse and wholesaling district comprises 37 contributing properties built 1870s–1920. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 for the significance of its river and rail connections, economic impact, architecture, and urban planning. Lowertown was originally the lower landing on the Mississippi River; the first port of access to the Twin Cities. Several warehouse, railroad, banking, and distribution buildings served the entire Upper Midwest from 1880 to 1920. A significant concentration of these buildings survive, unified by similar architectural styles and construction materials. Many were designed by the city&#39;s most prestigious architects, including Cass Gilbert and Clarence H. Johnston Sr.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lowertown neighborhood declined after the Depression. The renovation of the Merchants National Bank Building (now McColl Building) in the late 1960s was the first project to focus attention on revitalization potential. The conversion of the Noyes Brothers and Cutler Building into a complex of offices, shops, and restaurants (now known as Park Square Court) soon followed. The city&#39;s Housing and Redevelopment Authority (HRA) became involved in 1973 when Mears Park was redesigned by William Sanders and renamed after Norman B. Mears, a Saint Paul businessman.</p><br>
<p>In April 1978 the Lowertown Redevelopment Corporation (LRC) was organized with the goal of creating "a place for people, a highly livable urban village in the midst of the city, which will bring new jobs, housing, commercial development, and year round activities to Lowertown and infuse the city with renewed vitality." Enabled by an unprecedented $10 million grant by the McKnight Foundation, the LRC assumed the role and responsibility of driving the revitalization of Lowertown. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, artists moved to Lowertown, attracted by low rents, raw space and relative quiet. This new population began to bring life to the buildings and the streets of Lowertown. Initiated by the LRC and supported fully by the City of St. Paul, Lowertown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983; the next year, the City of St. Paul designated the Lowertown Historic District as a Heritage Preservation Site.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Aided by these designations and the associated tax credits, Artspace, the LRC, the city and others partnered to renovate three buildings dedicated to the arts. The Lowertown Artists Lofts Cooperative, the Tilsner and the Northern Warehouse were renovated and became the anchors for the arts community. Throughout the years, there has been a steady commitment to incrementally reinvest in the assets of Lowertown. Instead of demolishing and building new, Lowertown remained committed to a slow, deliberate and steady approach to redevelopment. This approach allowed Lowertown to remain a relatively quiet neighborhood on the edge of downtown. Such an approach was particularly supportive of the artist community, as it respected the financial and environmental needs of working artists. In 1982, the St. Paul Farmers’ Market moved to Lowertown. An institution since the late 1800s, the Farmers’ Market was an anomaly of sorts for Lowertown - it was a destination in the middle of a relatively quiet neighborhood. The market now draws 20,000 people each weekend in the summer. In 2006 the LRC transformed into the Lowertown Future Fund to continue supporting Lowertown redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>New residences have been built in the neighborhood, attracting new residents paying market rate for condominiums. Restaurants, festivals, weddings and other regional attractions, such as the restored Union Depot, have opened in Lowertown. The St. Paul Art Crawl is held twice a year and exemplifies the cultural atmosphere that local residents have worked so hard to maintain. In 2013, USA Today named Lowertown one of "10 up-and-coming neighborhoods around the USA" after it was announced RealtyTrac named Lowertown at the top of its "hipster zip codes" list. The "hipster" designation implies the neighborhood&#39;s high proportion of "people between 25 and 34 years old who use public transportation and rent their housing."</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the St. Paul Saints professional baseball team opened its season in the new CHS Field. The stadium stands in the space of the former Gilette/Diamond Products plant at 5th Street and Broadway. Designs for the stadium were presented to the public in December 2013. Art installations from local artists adorn the exterior of the ballpark. CHS Field sits outside the official 18 blocks that make up the Lowertown Heritage Preservation District, roughly bound by Kellogg Boulevard, Broadway, 7th Street and Jackson Street.</p><br>
<h2>Mears Park</h2><br>
<p>Previously known as Smith Park, Park Square, and Baptist Hill, Mears Park is bounded by 5th, 6th, Sibley and Wacouta streets. The site was originally the home of the First Baptist congregation, who built their church on top of a hill in the middle of a city block. In 1849 the land was donated to the city by a man named Robert Smith after the church expanded to a new location a few blocks north. The hill was leveled and the square was formally created in 1888.</p><br>
<p>For most of the next century, the park was a traditional city square with a central fountain and sidewalks radiating about it. In the early 1970s, the park became known as the “Brickyard” after a renovation covered much of the square in bricks. After his death in 1974, the park was officially renamed after Norman Mears, a St. Paul inventor in the printing and etching field; his inventions were used to fight World War II and make color televisions. After retirement, Mears had set his sights on the revitalization of Lowertown.</p><br>
<p>Modern-day Mears Park was opened in 1992 following a major reconstruction designed by landscape architect Don Ganje and artist Brad Goldberg. The new design received rave reviews for brilliantly mixing natural and manmade elements, from the rocky stream to the metal bandshell, and has proven popular year after year. Today the park sits in the middle of a re-energized Lowertown, hosting handfuls of fairs and festivals throughout the season including Music in Mears, the Twin Cities Jazz Festival, and Concrete and Grass Music Festival. Volunteers known as the Friends of Mears Park maintain the gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Crane Ordway Building</h2><br>
<p>Crane and Ordway manufactured valves, fittings, and supplies for steam engines. Rogers and Ordway was the successor company to Wilson & Rogers, the oldest firm in the line of plumbing and steam fittings in the Northwest. At one time, The Crane Company was the largest manufacturer of valves, fittings, and steam supplies in the world, employing over 3,000 men at the factory in Chicago factory. In 1892 Crane bought out the Rugg-Fuller Company in Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>On January 1, 1893, Richard T. Crane of Chicago and Lucius Pond Ordway of Saint Paul incorporated the Crane & Ordway Company. It consolidated the firms of Rogers and Ordway of Saint Paul and Duluth with a branch of the Crane Company in Minneapolis, uniting all the large interests in this line of business in the Northwest. Lucius Ordway became vice president and general manager of Crane & Ordway. Ordway came to Saint Paul from Providence, Rhode Island, in 1883 and worked for Wilson & Kogers until 1886, when he became a member of the firm of Rogers & Ordway.</p><br>
<p>The company dealt in a general line of pipe, fittings, boilers, pumps, pumping machinery, and plumbers and steam-fitters supplies. It did an extensive business in well-drilling machinery, windmills, and large irrigating plant outfits of all descriptions, furnishing estimates and designs and complete plans for water works. Crane later became part of American Standard. Ordway went on to help build the 3M company.</p><br>
<p>The Renaissance Box Building:</p><br>
<p>The building, completed in 1904, was designed by Reed and Stem, the architectural firm that designed Grand Central Terminal in New York and the St. Paul Hotel in downtown St. Paul. It had been vacant for 30 years prior to Aeon, a non-profit developer of affordable housing, restoring it in 2006. The historic warehouse now offers 70 units of affordable rental apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Union Depot Train Station</h2><br>
<p>Saint Paul&#39;s Union Depot is a historic railroad station and intermodal transit hub in the Lowertown neighborhood of the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It serves light rail, intercity rail, intercity bus, and local bus services.</p><br>
<h2>Railroad and Bank Building</h2><br>
<p>The Railroad and Bank Building building at 176 E. 5th Street, now known as the Great Northern Building, was constructed from 1914 to 1916 at a cost of $4 million as the corporate headquarters of three separate companies controlled by James J. Hill, the Great Northern Railway, the Northern Pacific Railway, the First National Bank and Northwest Trust Company. It replaced 280 Kellogg Blvd, now known as Great Northern Lofts as the headquarters of the railroads. It was designed by Charles Sumner Frost.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood architects</h2><br>
<p>Architects who contributed to the neighborhood include Cass Gilbert, J. Walter Stevens, and Charles Sumner Frost.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Judicial Center, adjacent to the State Capitol, houses the states Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, as well as the Workers Compensation Court of Appeals and the state law library. Its address is 25 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Blvd., Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed on the former site of the Mechanic Arts High School, which was demolished in 1914 for further development of the state capitol. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Minnesota Historical Society Building, as it was built for that institution. In 1992, the society moved to a new building nearby, the Minnesota History Center.</p><br>
<p>The neoclassical front of the building has eight two-story Ionic columns of granite. Above them are Roman numerals representing the establishment of the Minnesota Historical Society in 1849 and the year the building was completed, 1917. It was dedicated on May 11, 1918, the sixtieth anniversary of statehood.</p><br>
<p>The Farmers and Manufacturers Bank building is located at the corner of Market and Cannon Streets in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, near the Bardavon and across from the Dutchess County Court House and Old Poughkeepsie YMCA. It is one of only two non-residential Greek Revival buildings remaining in the city.</p><br>
<p>The three-bay, -story brick building was opened to the public in 1835, the year after it was built. Signatures of the then-popular Greek Revival style include the wide frieze and pilasters on the first story, eyebrow windows, balustrade and cupola. The brick is complemented by stone trim, particularly around the windows. First-floor ornamentation includes a stone entablature with dentil molding and four laurel wreaths.</p><br>
<p>It would be a landmark of the city&#39;s downtown for much of the 19th century. The bank itself would later become Empire National Bank and relocate elsewhere. One of its original trustees and later president was Matthew Vassar, founder of the eponymous college.</p><br>
<p>Originally it had a front porch, which was removed in 1892. That has been the only significant alteration to the building&#39;s exterior. On the inside, the windows were elongated and lengthened. In 1953 the interior was thoroughly modernized.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, one of three bank buildings on or near Market Street to be added. It is currently home to Friendly Insurance insurance agency DBA Bob Jankovics Insurance. Its history is curated by Elizabeth Burns of Rhinebeck. The old city hall, around the corner on Main Street, is the only other non-residential Greek Revival building in the city.</p><br>
<p>Dawson School is a historic school building located in Tulsa, Oklahoma at the intersection of East Ute Place and North Kingston Place. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. This two-room sandstone building was built in 1908 in Romanesque style. It is a surviving example of the school building boom that occurred after Oklahoma statehood in 1907.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The Dawson School Building was constructed in 1908, the year after Oklahoma became a state. A Tulsa newspaper (the Democrat) printed the following item:</p><br>
<p>A government school began at Dawson with an enrollment of 60. The term now will be four months but school will begin in September will be for nine months. The salary of the teacher and other expenses are paid by the Cherokee Nation and the USA Government.</p><br>
<p>Dawsons school district was incorporated into that of the city of Tulsa in 1927. Children in the seventh and eighth grades were sent from Dawson to Tulsas Cleveland Junior High School. In 1929, Tulsa&#39;s Board of Education approved construction of a new elementary school to serve the Dawson area and to open in 1930. The 1908 building became surplus property. For historical purposes, the Tulsa Board returned the old building to the community of Dawson. The retired school building became a community activity center for Dawson, a town named in honor of its first postmaster W.A. Dawson, and was the only public building until a firehouse was constructed in 1942. The entire community was annexed by Tulsa in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The former school is almost the only remaining structure existing as a reminder of the former town of Dawson. Almost all of the other two-room schools that were built before or during the first two decades of the 20th Century have been demolished long ago. Dawson School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Building description</h2><br>
<p>The Dawson School Building is one-story high and contains two rooms. The exterior is constructed of sandstone, and has a Romanesque architectural design. The hipped roof is covered with asphalt. The windows are metal, one-over-one and double-hung, with a mesh cover to protect against breakage. The building is aptly described as "utilitarian" and "unpretentious" because there is minimal architectural detail and ornamentation. The building features an arched partial porch and semicircular windows flanking the porch. It originally had a bell tower above the porch. The date when the tower was removed is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The Sumter County Courthouse, built in 1907, is an historic courthouse located at 141 North Main Street in the city of Sumter in Sumter County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Beaux Arts style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed eight other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>It was built in an I-shape. In the early 1960s it was enlarged and remodeled. On June 16, 2004, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in the Sumter Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Hope Rosenwald School, also known as Hope School, is a former school at 1971 Hope Station Road near Pomaria, South Carolina. As a Rosenwald School, it served rural African-American children in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Haskell Hope, the South Carolina Superintendent of Education from 1922 to 1945, sold more than 2 acre of his land for the "gift-like&#39; price of $5 to the Trustees of School District No. 60 for Newberry County, South Carolina in 1925. Donations of $2,200 were raised. Of the private donations, $600 came from African Americans, and $400 from white Americans. State and local government contributed $1,200. The Rosenwald Fund gave $700.</p><br>
<p>The building is based on the Rosenwald Two-Teacher Community School, Floor Plan No. 20. This simple design has elements of Colonial Revival architecture. The building has a wooden frame structure, a brick foundation, and a corrugated metal roof. It is next to St. Paul AME Church. Two teachers worked in the schoolhouse: one led the first, second, and third grades; another taught the fourth, fifth, and sixth. The school was closed in 1954 with the consolidation of public schools. There were still alumni of the school living in or near Pomaria as of January 2007. Desks, a wood-burning stove, and a sign are in the collection of the National Museum of African American History and Culture.</p><br>
<p>There also have information on Rosenwald Schools in South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The legendary Thurman Ruth, gospel singer, deejay, and concert promoter, was born in Pomaria in 1914. He moved to Brooklyn with his family in 1922 where an early age he organized a gospel quartet, the Selah Jubilee Singers, out of the choir at St. Mark Holy Church (Pentecostal) where they sang every Sunday night for about 10 years. Later Ruth arranged for them to perform along with other black gospel groups on Thurman&#39;s Gospel Caravan at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem.</p><br>
<h2>Hope School Community Center, Inc.</h2><br>
<p>On April 20, 2005, the Hope school was registered with the South Carolina Secretary of State as a non-profit organization as "Hope School Community Center, Inc."</p><br>
<p>The organization&#39;s mission is to supply the needs of the community by administering programs that will have a positive impact on the quality of life for community residents.</p><br>
<p>The Abbeville County Courthouse, built in 1908, is an historic courthouse located in the east corner of Court Square, in the city of Abbeville in Abbeville County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Beaux Arts style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed several other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. An arcade connects it to the adjoining Abbeville Opera House and Municipal Center, which Edwards also designed. In 1964, the courthouse was renovated by Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle, and Wolff of Columbia. On October 30, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is included in the Abbeville Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current courthouse is the sixth courthouse to serve Abbeville County. The history of the previous courthouses is as follows:</p><br>
<p>1st Courthouse – Wooden frame building, pulled down in 1825</p><br>
<p>2nd Courthouse – Two-story brick building demolished after discovery of workmen&#39;s fraud (kaolin used instead of lime in mortar)</p><br>
<p>3rd Courthouse – Designed by Robert Mills during his residency in Abbeville; found to be sinking & deemed unsafe</p><br>
<p>4th Courthouse – Destroyed by fire in 1872</p><br>
<p>5th Courthouse – Replaced by present structure in 1908</p><br>
<h2>Artwork</h2><br>
<p>Located inside the central hallway is a portrait of John C. Calhoun, twice vice-president and longtime senator from South Carolina. Calhoun was born southwest of the town on his father&#39;s plantation. He practiced law for a short time on the county square. The courthouse is located on land that once housed the law firm in which Calhoun practiced early in his career.</p><br>
<p>The Lee County Courthouse, built in 1908, is a historic courthouse located at 123 S. Main Street in the city of Bishopville in Lee County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Classical Revival style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed eight other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Lee County was created in 1902 and this is the only courthouse it has ever had.</p><br>
<p>On October 30, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Hale Hōʻikeʻike at the Bailey House  is a museum of Hawaiian history and art located in Wailuku, on the island of Maui, in Hawaii. It is owned and operated by the Maui Historical Society. Old Bailey House is a historic district contributing property within the Wailuku Civic Center Historic District, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building and history</h2><br>
<p>The stone house is situated at the mouth of the Iao Valley, within the former royal residence of Kahekili II (c. 1737–1794), last ruling chief of Maui.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1833 and being one of the first western-style houses in Wailuku, the “Old Bailey House” is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Originally intended as a mission for adults and children, in 1837 the mission was transformed into the Wailuku Female Seminary, a boarding school that not only taught its students Christianity and academic pursuits, such as the three Rs, but also domestic skills such as sewing and housekeeping. First managed by Theodosia and Rev. Jonathan Smith Green, in 1844 Caroline and Edward Bailey assumed responsibility, shortly after arriving in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, abandoned their funding of the Seminary in 1847. The school endured for several more years after 1847 educating boys and girls on a tuition paying basis. The house and land reverted to the Hawaiian crown but were purchased by the Baileys in 1850. Later, the house and the Baileys&#39; sugarcane fields became part of the Wailuku sugarcane plantation, which then became part of C. Brewer & Co.</p><br>
<p>The Maui Historical Society was established in 1951. Hale Hoʻikeʻike (Hawaiian for "House of Display") was opened on July 6, 1957.</p><br>
<p>Masaru "Pundy" Yokouchi purchased the Bailey House in 1991 and donated it to the Maui Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>Hale Hoʻikeʻike is a history museum and contains diverse exhibits on two floors of the historic residence, and on the grounds. They include:</p><br>
<p>Pre-European contact Hawaiian artifacts include utensils, tools, and weapons.</p><br>
<p>Landscape oil paintings by Edward Bailey, the Sunday painter works total over one hundred landscape paintings of 19th-century Maui.</p><br>
<p>A wooden statue of Kamapua&#39;a, a Hawaiian demi-god, created before the abrogation of native Hawaiian religious expression and art. Hidden in an upcountry cave for over a century, it is the only wooden statue on Maui to survive the 1819 purge of the indigenous religion by King Kamehameha II.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the Land Snails Shell Collection, of David Dwight Baldwin. After the arrivals of introduced species of alien land snails, many of the native non-marine Mollusk species endemic to Maui have become extinct species.</p><br>
<p>A model of the Hokulea — which is a modern-day replica of an ancient Polynesian-style sailing vessel.</p><br>
<p>The second floor features the Monarchy Room, which displays information on the Kingdom of Hawaii and artifacts from Hawaii&#39;s monarchy era and the Koa Room which displays a large four poster bed and other furnishings made entirely from Koa. The museum also houses a significant number of historical papers available to researchers.</p><br>
<p>A small outlying shelter displays Duke Kahanamoku&#39;s 1919 redwood surfboard. Also displayed here is the 33 ft Honaunau, a 1900s era outrigger canoe used for fishing. The vessel was carved from a single koa log, and is one of the last koa fishing canoes made in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>The gardens of the museum grounds are designed to display native Hawaiian plants, including endangered species of Maui and the Hawaiian Islands. A gift shop, featuring locally made artisan items, is located on the south of the Old Bailey House. The museum and grounds are open Monday through Saturday, 10 AM to 4 PM.</p><br>
<p>The Decker Building  is a commercial building located at 33 Union Square West in Manhattan, New York City. The structure was completed in 1892 for the Decker Brothers piano company, and designed by John H. Edelmann. From 1968 to 1973, it served as the location of the artist Andy Warhol&#39;s studio, The Factory. The Decker Building was designated a New York City landmark in 1988, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is only 33 ft wide and 138 ft deep on a lot that goes back 150 ft. It has a right of way to 16th Street from the rear of the building. The style of the building mixes influences from Venice and Islamic traditions. There are numerous terra cotta details on the façade which remain today. There was a minaret on the roof which disappeared before World War II.</p><br>
<p>The building was valued at $285,000 in 1913, after which it was traded to settle debts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure was built in 1892 for the Decker Brothers piano company according to designs by the radical anarchist architect John H. Edelmann, working out of the offices of Alfred Zucker. It replaced the earlier Decker Building on the same lot, designed by Leopold Eidlitz and built in 1869.</p><br>
<p>On November 25, 1950, 27 year old Abraham Yeager was killed when a one-ton piece of cornice from the Decker Building collapsed onto the sidewalk where Yeager was walking.</p><br>
<h3>Warhol years</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, artist Andy Warhol had to move his Factory from East 47th Street after the previous building was torn down. Union Square at the time was a rundown neighborhood, but Paul Morrissey had found the loft, in the Decker Building, and Warhol agreed to move there. While Morrissey was stripping wood at the Factory, a young man named Jed Johnson delivered Western Union telegram in 1968. Morrissey hired him on the spot to help out with the refinishing of the space. Johnson subsequently moved in with Warhol and became his longtime partner.</p><br>
<p>On June 3, 1968, Valerie Solanas visited the Factory to look for Warhol, who she felt was taking control of her screenplay away from her. She then shot Warhol three times, seriously wounding him, as well as art critic and curator Mario Amaya. The Factory previously had an open door policy, meaning that anybody could enter. However, following the shooting, Johnson installed a Dutch door and built a wall around the elevator, requiring guests to buzz in.</p><br>
<p>Around 1970, Warhol had a video camera system built to tape his visitors and document the activities around the studio. In 1973, Warhol moved the Factory to 860 Broadway, a short distance away, and created the Warhol Time Capsules while packing up.</p><br>
<h3>Refurbishment</h3><br>
<p>The building was completely refurbished into apartments by Joseph Pell Lombardi in 1995. In 2015, Dylan&#39;s Candy Bar opened a ground-floor storefront in the building, which closed in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Trail Remains, also known as Santa Fe Trail Ruts, are a two-mile  section of the former 1,200 mi long Santa Fe Trail, described as the "longest continuous stretch of clearly defined Santa Fe Trail rut remains in Kansas."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Trail Remains are located about 10 mi west of Dodge City, on 140 acre of former agricultural land. The ruts extend for about 2 mi, with a width of as much as 400 ft of rutted terrain. The actual trail route is crossed in several places, by US 50, a railroad right-of-way, and irrigation ditches. The ruts have also been harmed by past use of the property for grazing. The landscape looks much today as it did in the 19th century, except for these intrusions, as well as the shifting of the Arkansas River to follow a more southerly route than it did during the trail&#39;s period of use.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Trail was one of the first great westward migration trails, inaugurated by trader William Becknell in 1821, connecting Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, the capital of Spanish (and later Mexican) Nuevo México. It served as a major conduit for the development of the American West, until it was effectively supplanted by railroads around 1880. Much of the trail&#39;s route is known, but few traces of it survive. Although there are other sections of Santa Fe Trail ruts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, this one is one of the longest and best-preserved.</p><br>
<p>The Marie Webster House, also known as George Webster Jr. and Marie Daugherty House, is a historic house at 926 South Washington Street in Marion, Indiana. Built in 1905, it was the home of quilter Marie Webster  from 1909 until 1942, and is now home to the Quilters Hall of Fame. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993, honoring Webster&#39;s role in promoting and broadening interest and knowledge of the craft.</p><br>
<p>The Quilters Hall of Fame is a non-profit organization dedicated to honoring those who have made outstanding contributions to the world of quilting. Founded in 1979 by Hazel McDowell Carter, the Hall features a museum with exhibits of quilts and quilt-makers.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Marie Webster House stands south of the Marion town center, on the west side of South Washington Street between 9th and 10th Streets. It is a -story wood-frame structure with Colonial Revival styling that is not architecturally distinguished. The buildings interior has retained features and finishes original to the period of the Websters ownership, despite its initial conversion to apartments and its present use as a museum. Marie Webster displayed quilts and patterns to customers in the second-floor sitting room.</p><br>
<p>Marie Webster did not begin making quilts until 1909, when she was fifty years old. In her childhood she had learned, sewing, embroidery, and needlework, but she did not become an aficionado of quilting until later in her life. Her critical contribution to the craft was in bringing the craft to a broad national audience, when it had previously been a largely regional practice. Her 1915 publication Quilts: Their Story and How to Make Them was a seminal work in this respect, and remains an influence on the field to this day. She introduced the practice of selling quilting patterns, kits with precut fabrics, as well as partially and completely finished quilts. She ran her business, the Practical Patchwork Company, out of this house, until her retirement in 1942.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by neighbors, who converted it to apartments. After standing vacant for several years, it was condemned by the city in 1990. It was rescued from demolition by Websters granddaughter, who purchased it and gave it as site for the Quilters Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<h2>Quilters Hall of Fame honorees</h2><br>
<p>The Dillon County Courthouse, built in 1911, is a historic courthouse located at 301 West Main Street in the city of Dillon in Dillon County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Classical Revival style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed eight other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Dillon County was created in 1910 and this is the only courthouse it has ever had. On October 30, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in the Dillon Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Clark Mansion also known as Holly Rood or the Gov. James A. Clark Mansion, is one of the most historic homes in Clark County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1813 for James Clark who was 13th governor of Kentucky and was finished in 1814. It was built specifically for James and his wife, who named it after her father. Clark Mansion is historically significant for its Federal architecture. It is a single building on less than 1-acre (4,000 m2) of land. It is a two-story brick painted red house with a wide front porch and Ionic columns. It also has a wide entrance and the 2nd story has a Palladian window.</p><br>
<p>Clark Mansion sits away from the road and has a huge front yard. It is located close to Hannah McClure Elementary, Library and College Park. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. As it is owned by the local government, people can tour the house and view its antique furniture. It is often used for formal events including weddings.</p><br>
<p>Clark was buried in a private burial ground in the old Clark home at Winchester, Clark County, Kentucky. A Monument was built in the place where he was buried.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun County Courthouse, built in 1913, is a historic courthouse located in the city of St. Matthews in Calhoun County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Colonial Revival style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed eight other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Calhoun County was created in 1908 and this is its first and only courthouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The York County Courthouse, built in 1914, is an historic courthouse located at West Liberty and South Congress streets in the city of York in York County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Classical Revival style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed eight other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. On October 30, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Jasper County Courthouse, built in 1915, is an historic courthouse located in the city of Ridgeland in Jasper County, South Carolina. It was designed in the Colonial Revival style by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards who designed eight other South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Jasper County was created in 1912 and this is the only courthouse it has ever had, On October 30, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Church Building is located at the corner of Main and Market Streets in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, just across Market Street from the Dutchess County Court House, and north of the Bardavon Theater. It is a complex of stores and other commercial space, so named because it is owned by the Reformed Dutch Church of Poughkeepsie, which has owned the land since 1717 and benefits from the rental income. It was the western anchor of Main Mall, the city&#39;s former pedestrian mall.</p><br>
<p>It is considered the best example of Art Deco architecture in the city, where most commercial buildings predate the style&#39;s popularity in the 1930s. The two-story building has tilework designs suggesting Native American aesthetics. Other ornamental touches associated with Art Deco include, floral and patterned metalwork along the shop cornices, and polished green and black marble inside. There are also ribbed pilasters between the windows and a multicolored chevron pattern above and below the roof parapets.</p><br>
<p>The interior is intact, although some of the offices and shops have been modernized. One of the former does remain in its original condition. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Flamingo-on-the-Lake Apartments, also known as the Flamingo Apartment Hotel, is a building designed by architect William C. Reichert and located at 5500-5520 S. Shore Drive along Lake Michigan in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The 16-story apartment building was built with 144 apartments and 16 hotel rooms in 1927; it also featured an outdoor pool and bathhouse. It was designed in the Classical Revival style; its exterior is red brick with terra cotta ornamentation and a dentillated cornice. It and the adjacent building, The Promontory Apartments, a co-op building designed by Mies van der Rohe, are the furthest east buildings in Hyde Park.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Norway Lutheran Church or Old Muskego Church stands on the edge of the campus of Luther Seminary in Saint Paul, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Muskego Church was erected by Norwegian-American Lutherans near Waterford in the Wind Lake area of Racine County, Wisconsin in 1844, four years before Wisconsin became a state. It was originally built in the Muskego Settlement near Muskego, Wisconsin, by Norwegian immigrant settlers.</p><br>
<p>Even Hansen Heg (1789 - 1850), father of Civil War Hero Hans Christian Heg, donated the land on which the original church was built. Within the first year of construction, the congregation called pioneer Lutheran minister Claus Lauritz Clausen, to serve as the first minister. Clausen would be followed by Hans Gerhard, future Bishop of the Norwegian Lutheran Church in America. The congregation made use of the facility for 25 years, replacing the building with a new church in 1869.</p><br>
<p>Principally through the efforts of historian, Hjalmar Holand, the Old Muskego Church was purchased, taken apart, moved and re-assembled in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1904. The Minnesota Historical Society dedicated the church a State Historical Site in 1963. It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Charles P. Noyes Cottage  was a summer home of Saint Paul pharmacist, Charles P. Noyes, who came to St. Paul in 1868. The cottage is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>A sign outside the cottage cites it as being a rare example of American Picturesque architecture, dating back to the late 19th century when White Bear Lake was a resort town with large colonnaded hotels and fine summer homes along the lake.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by the Fillebrown family for most of its years as a residence, and was donated to the White Bear Lake Area</p><br>
<p>Historical Society in 1978. White Bear Lake Area</p><br>
<p>Historical Society - Museum The house is open for tours and special events.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul, Minneapolis, & Manitoba Railway Company Shops Historic District is a group of 1882 limestone maintenance buildings in Saint Paul, Minnesota. They served the Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway, which later became part of the Great Northern Railway.</p><br>
<p>The buildings, located just west of the Minnesota Transportation Museum roundhouse, have been redeveloped by the Saint Paul Port Authority and are now known as the Empire Builder Business Center.</p><br>
<p>Roseville Township in Kandiyohi County was once Incorporated by The Minneapolis- St Paul Manitoba Railway the train station was located in Hawick. Railway bonds and Abstract information can still be found with early settlers ancestors</p><br>
<p>The St. Paul Women&#39;s City Club is a 1931 Art Deco Streamline Moderne-style Mankato limestone clubhouse in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that was designed by architect Magnus Jemne . The building was designed to provide a "center for organized work and for social and intellectual intercourse", and provided a dining room, assembly rooms, dressing rooms, and bedrooms for the 1000 members of the club and their guests. The building was sold to the Minnesota Museum of Art in 1972; then the Wold architectural firm; and finally in 2015, District Energy St. Paul. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Fort Southwest Point was a federal frontier outpost at what is now Kingston, Tennessee, in the Southeastern United States. Constructed in 1797 and garrisoned by federal soldiers until 1811, the fort served as a major point of interaction between the Cherokee and the United States government as well as a way station for early migrants travelling between Knoxville and Nashville.</p><br>
<p>Although there are no records and few contemporary descriptions pertaining to the forts design and structure, archaeological excavations conducted in the 1970s and 1980s have determined the forts layout. Based on these findings, the City of Kingston and the Tennessee Division of Archaeology have reconstructed part of the fort. The site is managed by the City of Kingston.</p><br>
<p>In February 2024, Tennessee Governor Bill Lee announced that Fort Southwest Point will become a Tennessee State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Southwest Point site is situated on a hill overlooking the confluence of the Tennessee River and the Clinch River. This confluence is now part of the Watts Bar Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River, created by the completion of Watts Bar Dam in 1942. The Emory River empties into the Clinch approximately 5 mi upstream from Southwest Point.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Southwest Point site is part of Southwest Point Park, which serves as both a historical and recreational area. The park is located along State Route 58 approximately 2 mi south of Interstate 40 and 1 mi south of USA Route 70.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Southwest Point Blockhouse, 1792-1797</h3><br>
<p>At the height of the American Revolution in 1779, Colonel Arthur Campbell suggested the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee as a possible site for a fort to the governor of Virginia. Although Virginia never acted on Campbells advice, the end of the war brought a flood of settlers into the Tennessee Valley, leading to increased conflict with the valleys Cherokee inhabitants. During this period, two events occurred that greatly enhanced Southwest Point&#39;s strategic importance: the construction of the Avery Trace in 1788 and the signing of the Treaty of Holston in 1791. The Avery Trace, which began at Southwest Point, became the key road connecting East Tennessee and Middle Tennessee until around 1800. The Treaty of Holston fixed the boundary between USA and Cherokee lands at the Clinch River, placing Southwest Point on the fringe of lands open to settlement in East Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The waning years of the Cherokee–American wars brought an increase in Chickamauga Cherokee attacks against the encroaching Euro-American settlers. Territorial governor William Blount kept the militia on call for much of the early 1790s in order to protect settlers and enforce the terms of the Holston Treaty. John Sevier, who commanded part of the militia, encamped at Southwest Point in 1792. By November of that year, Sevier&#39;s troops had completed a blockhouse at the site, which they used as a base until 1793 when federal troops arrived.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Southwest Point, 1797-1811</h3><br>
<p>Between 1793 and 1796, the Southwest Point Blockhouse was garrisoned by a federal contingent of 10 to 15 troops. During this time, a decision was made to replace the blockhouse with a much larger fort. While the early records regarding the fort&#39;s construction were destroyed in a fire, historians have determined that the fort was completed by federal troops under the command of Captain John Wade and Captain Richard Sparks in July 1797. The fort was originally referred to as "Fort Butler" after Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Butler (commander of federal forces in East Tennessee), but the name had been changed to "Fort Southwest Point" by 1798.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Butler moved his headquarters to Fort Southwest Point in 1799, when nine companies (7 infantry, 1 artillery, and 1 dragoon) totaling roughly 400-500 troops were garrisoned at the fort. Around the same time, lots had been sold for what eventually become the city of Kingston, named for Major Robert King, an officer stationed at the fort.</p><br>
<p>Among the first duties of the Southwest Point garrison was to remove individuals (known as "squatters") who had settled on Cherokee lands illegally. However, the first Treaty of Tellico&mdash; which Butler helped negotiate in 1798&mdash; resolved many of the issues regarding squatters, and reduced the need for federal troops in the area. By 1801, the Southwest Point garrison consisted of roughly 100 troops.</p><br>
<p>In 1801, Colonel Return J. Meigs was appointed Cherokee Agent and Military Agent for the War Department in Tennessee. Although its garrison had been reduced, Fort Southwest Point served as an office for Meigs and as a distribution center for the Cherokee "annuity" (an annual payment of goods by the USA government in exchange for land cessions). Meigs immediately began negotiating with the Cherokee in hopes of obtaining permission to build a wagon road across their lands connecting Knoxville and Nashville. In 1805, the Third and Fourth Treaties of Tellico brought most of the Cumberland Plateau region under USA dominion, making the road possible. As the treaties pushed the USA-Cherokee border south to the Hiwassee River, the garrison at Southwest Point was no longer needed. By 1807, Meigs and most of the federal garrison had relocated to the Hiwassee area. A skeleton contingent of less than 5 soldiers maintained Fort Southwest Point until 1811.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>The Southwest Point site was purchased by the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s in anticipation of the construction of Watts Bar Dam (the site is well above reservoir flood levels, however). In 1973, the University of Tennessee conducted excavations at the site, locating six structures and evidence of prehistoric habitation. Between 1984 and 1986, the Tennessee Division of Archaeology, seeking information to aide in the forts reconstruction, conducted more extensive investigations at the site. These excavations uncovered nine additional structures and the palisade ditch, allowing researchers to determine the forts original layout.</p><br>
<p>The prehistoric findings at the site include an infant burial, storage pits, and sherds. Hickory nut shells uncovered in a basin-style hearth returned a radiocarbon date of approximately 1360 AD.</p><br>
<h3>Structures</h3><br>
<p>According to archaeological findings, Fort Southwest Point was 297 ft x 175 ft, enclosing approximately 1.2 acre. There were at least 15 structure located within the fort, the layout of which has been determined mostly from the remnants of their foundations.</p><br>
<p>Structure 1 &mdash; 17 ft x 22 ft, probably a corner blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>Structure 2 &mdash; a vault, 14 ft deep, probably a privy.</p><br>
<p>Structure 3 &mdash; 70 ft x 22 ft, probably officers&#39; quarters and administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>Structure 4 &mdash; 62 ft x 22 ft, probably barracks. This structure included a drain that channeled water to a cistern.</p><br>
<p>Structure 5 &mdash; 62 ft x 22 ft, probably barracks.</p><br>
<p>Structure 6 &mdash; 43.5 ft x 22 ft, probably barracks.</p><br>
<p>Structure 7 &mdash; appx. 83 ft x 22 ft</p><br>
<p>Structure 8 &mdash; 43 ft x 22 ft, possibly a distribution center.</p><br>
<p>Structure 9 &mdash; a vault, 8 ft x 10 ft and 10.5 ft deep, probably a privy.</p><br>
<p>Structure 10 &mdash; 22 ft x 18 ft, probably a corner blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>Structure 11 &mdash; appx. 17 ft x 18 ft, probably a blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>Structure 12 &mdash; similar to Structures 2 and 9, probably a privy.</p><br>
<p>Structure 13 &mdash; similar to Structures 10 and 11, probably a blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>Structure 14 &mdash; 63 ft x 17 ft, probably barracks.</p><br>
<p>Structure 15 &mdash; 62 ft x 23 ft, probably a supply building.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse, built in 1933, is an historic United States Post Office and federal courthouse building located at 120 12th Street in Columbus, Georgia. It was designed by Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards who designed nine South Carolina courthouses as well as academic buildings at 12 institutions in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. On September 29, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Luckey, Platt & Company Department Store building is located at the corner of Main and Academy streets in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. For most of the 20th century it was a major retail destination not only for the city but the entire Hudson Valley. Its closure in 1981, after years of losing customers to suburban shopping malls, was a serious blow to the city&#39;s Main Mall. The structure remained vacant until December 2008, when after several years of renovation it was reopened as a residential development with 143 rental apartments, with additional commercial space on the ground floor, as an anchor and catalyst for further downtown revitalization.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The massive, gray, five-story Classical Revival structure was designed by Edward C. Smith a leading Poughkeepsie architect at the time and opened in 1923. Previous articles have given a fellow Poughkeepsie architect, Percival Lloyd, credit for the design but he died in 1915. Edward Smith had worked for Percival Lloyd at one time but opened his own office in 1910. There are from 11-17 bays. The roofline features a parapet roof with a molded cornice below featuring small lion&#39;s heads. The frieze has other features of the style, such as anthemion brackets, egg-and-dart and dentil moldings. Further down the facade are found pilasters with foliated capitals.</p><br>
<p>Immediately adjacent on either street are older, more Italianate buildings which housed the store&#39;s operations before the construction of the main building. They are included as contributing resources to its 1982 listing in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Company history</h2><br>
<p>The company long predated the building, and even its name. In 1869, Edmund Platt bought Luckeys, a retailer that had been established in 1835 as Crandle & Smith, and later renamed Dribbles before getting its eventual name. Luckey&#39;s was ahead of its time in charging a fixed price for every item in the store, and doing business only in cash.</p><br>
<p>The partners moved it to the first of the three original Main Street buildings five years later, beginning a half-century of rapid growth at that location, with the help of a third partner, Smith DeGarmo. In 1882 they added an elevator so patrons could more easily navigate the store.</p><br>
<p>By 1901 it was necessary to expand again and two more buildings were purchased. Nine years later an annex was built to sell furniture. The store considered itself "the peer of all mercantile establishments on the Hudson River and the most complete store of its kind in any city in the USA the size of Poughkeepsie." Their advertisements claimed to have the equivalent of 30 stores under one roof, 175 sales clerks and 2 miles (3.2 km) of counter space.</p><br>
<p>The new building was completed in 1923. For almost half a century afterwards, the store remained the region&#39;s major retailer, although it did not grow as it had in its earlier years. By the early 1970s, however, increasing suburbanization and the growth of the automobile had given it its first serious competition, in the form of the South Hills Mall. Luckey Platt opened a branch at one, the Dutchess Mall, roughly 10 miles south of Poughkeepsie near Fishkill, but it still lost customers.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, the city tried to revive its downtown by closing off the two blocks of Main Street both east and west of the store to create Main Mall, a pedestrian mall that would offer shoppers a comparable experience to the suburban malls. Since it was necessary to raze some other adjacent stores and buildings to create parking lots, the plan actually exacerbated the neighborhood&#39;s decline. Seven years after the mall was created, in 1981, Luckey Platt closed both its main store and the Dutchess Mall branch.</p><br>
<p>The building has remained vacant since then. Ownership eventually reverted to the city. In the early 1990s, Dutchess County needed space to expand its nearby courthouse and considered using the building. Instead, it built a new annex next to the existing courthouse. Artist Peter Max looked into starting a museum and arts center in the building in the early 2000s. But the deal fell through, and three of the building&#39;s upper floors collapsed the following year. In 2004 Congress appropriated the city a $250,000 (~$ in ) grant to renovate the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 Alma Realty, a Queens-based developer, purchased the property from the city for a token $1 and began an ambitious plan to convert it to mixed commercial/residential use. It was beset with delays, however, such as a stop-work order when the actual work exceeded the scope of plans approved by the city. However, in April 2008 the stop-work order was rescinded and work resumed to finish the renovation, with a temporary certificate of occupancy issued on Monday, December 8, 2008, allowing Alma Realty to start renting the space.</p><br>
<p>The Salvation Army Womens Home and Hospital, now The Salvation Armys Booth Brown House, is a 1912 brick Tudor Revival style building designed by Clarence H. Johnston, Sr. in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. The Salvation Army originally used it to provide housing and hospital care for unwed mothers and their children. In 1971 its focus changed to helping young women with behavioral or emotional issues. The facility now serves homeless and transitional youth. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 10, 1983 for its architecture and its significance in religion, humanitarianism, and women&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>North Oaks Farm, also known as Hill Farm, is currently an open-air museum in North Oaks, Minnesota, United States, preserving buildings of a 3,300 acre demonstration farm established by railroad magnate James J. Hill in 1883. Elements of the farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as James J. Hill&#39;s North Oaks Farm, Dairy Building in 1999.</p><br>
<p>In the Dairy Building, Hill had installed a DeLaval separator and barrel churns, which automated the production of butter, using centrifugal force powered by a steam engine. The operation was a forerunner of the modern commercial butter-making industry.</p><br>
<p>At the Blacksmith and Machine Shop horses were shod and hinges and wagon wheels were constructed for use on the farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1883 James J. Hill purchased 3,500 acres of land in Ramsey County for $50,000 which would become North Oaks Farm. Later, Hill purchased additional land that expanded the farm to nearly 5,500 acres.</p><br>
<p>For the first ten years, the North Oaks Farm operated as a stock farm and base for Hill&#39;s efforts to breed a dual-purpose cow. The concept of breeding beef cows that would also produce milk was very popular during this time. Although Hill invested an enormous amount of money to breed a hybrid beef/dairy cow, his dairy results were marginal, while the beef was considered excellent. It seemed impossible at the time to have a cow that could be exceptional at both. However, the experience Hill and his workers received during this endeavor went on to help them in other ways. The North Oaks Farm gained a reputation for breeding exceptional beef cattle. Each year his Aberdeen Angus and Shorthorn cows from North Oaks would travel by train to Chicago to take part in the Fat Stock Show. The cattle won several prizes at the show over the years. In 1889 alone his Aberdeen Angus brought home $700 in prizes from Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The farm also served as Hill&#39;s country estate. The Hill family spent most of the summer at the farm in a large brick estate that overlooked Pleasant Lake. The family always entertained guests at the farm in the weeks surrounding Independence Day. Favorite activities included fishing and swimming at Pleasant Lake, riding horses, shooting, and going for country drives. Hill was eager to show his farm off to visitors and guests and could spend hours giving tours of the facilities and fields.</p><br>
<p>James J. Hill managed all of the landscaping at North Oaks and spared no expense—he spent $2,500 alone in 1914. His wife, Mary Hill, was in charge of deciding which vegetables and flowers would be grown each year since she oversaw a staff of cooks and servants that would use them at their mansion in St. Paul.</p><br>
<p>After Hills death in 1916, the operation of the North Oaks Farm fell to his son, Louis Hill Sr., who shared his fathers passion for farming. It wasn’t until the 1950s that Louis Hill Jr. divided the farmland into smaller parcels for a carefully planned residential development. The grand estate on the lakeshore was demolished, along with the greenhouses and barns. Only three of the original forty buildings remain; the creamery, granary, and blacksmith shop/engine house.</p><br>
<p>After their deaths, both James J. Hill and Mary Hill were interred in a private mausoleum at North Oaks Farm. Their remains were later moved to Resurrection Cemetery in St. Paul.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Building, also known as the Merchant&#39;s Exchange Building or The Exchange, is a historic commercial building in at 15-19 West Bank Street in Petersburg, Virginia. Built in 1841, this Greek Revival style building is one of the least-altered examples of a 19th-century market hall. It now houses the Siege Museum commemorating the Siege of Petersburg. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange Building is located in Petersburgs Old Town, at the northeast corner of West Bank Street and Exchange Avenue. It is a two-story, five bay by five bay, building with a hipped roof. It features a four-column Doric order portico in front, and five pilastered bays on the sides. At the buildings center is a large circular domed room, the dome supported by piers and an entablature.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange was created in 1839 by a group of Petersburg businessmen as a meeting place where locally produced wares, predominantly tobacco and cotton, could be sold, and as a place to hold public auctions. The building was designed by an architect named Berrien from New York City, and was completed in 1841. It is a locally rare example of high-style Greek Revival architecture, and is one of the nations least-altered examples of a market building. It now houses the Siege Museum, which displays artifacts and history relating to the American Civil War Siege of Petersburg. The Siege Museum was closed about 2016. The Exchange Building now houses the Petersburg Visitors Center on the first floor. In September 2021 a new museum, telling the 400 year history of Petersburg, will open. It will have various exhibits telling the story of Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The William C. Nell House, now a private residence, was a boarding home located in 3 Smith Court in the Beacon Hill neighbourhood of Boston, Massachusetts, opposite the former African Meeting House, now the Museum of African American History.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the Smith Court residences on the Black Heritage Trail of the Boston African American National Historic Site walking tours. The homes on Smith Court typify the types of homes built in the before 1803 and of many of the African Americans who lived in the city at that time. Other Smith Court residences on the tour include 5, 7, 7A, 4 and 2 Smith Court; They are private residences and are not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>3 Smith Court was built between 1798 and 1800 by two white bricklayers and is now known as the James Scott and William C. Nell House. The narrow building consists of painted clapboarding on the front; the back of the house is a windowless brick wall. This type of construction was typical for Boston before 1803 and especially for residences on alleys.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>Starting in 1830, 3 Smith Court was rented to numerous African American men and their families.</p><br>
<h3>James Scott</h3><br>
<p>James Scott, the longest resident of 3 Smith Court, lived there for nearly 50 years. He was a tenant from 1839 to 1865 and owned the property from 1865 until his death in 1888. Scott was born in Virginia and worked as a clothing dealer in Boston.</p><br>
<p>James Scott&#39;s Underground Railroad activity is documented in the records of the Boston Vigilance Committee. In 1851, Scott was arrested in his shop and charged with spearheading the rescue of Shadrach Minkins from federal custody. Like</p><br>
<p>John Coburn, whose home is also on the walking tour, Scott was arrested, tried, and acquitted for the 1851 rescue of Shadrach Minkins.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear whether he participated in this rescue (he was acquitted for lack of evidence), but Scott did assist other fugitive slaves. For example, on July 18, 1856, James Scott boarded self-emancipated slave Henry Jackson and his family at 3 Smith Court.</p><br>
<h3>William Cooper Nell</h3><br>
<p>Abolitionist William Cooper Nell was also a tenant from 1850 to 1857. Nell was one of Bostons most forceful advocates for school integration in 1855. He was the author of several histories, including Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, and he worked at various times for the Liberator, the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, and the Frederick Douglass’ Paper. He was also very active in the Boston Vigilance Committee and he sheltered or aided numerous self-emancipated slaves at 3 Smith Court. He is considered the nations first published black historian. In recognition of his contributions, the house was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Smith Court residences</h2><br>
<p>As early as the 1790s, African Americans began to reside on the north slope of Beacon Hill. The area of lower Joy Street and Smith Court was an important center of Boston&#39;s 19th black community. Today, the historic homes on Smith Court, along with the African Meeting House and the Abiel Smith School, are the best preserved physical locales available for understanding the history of African Americans in Boston.</p><br>
<p>4 Smith Court, a four-story brick building, is typical of residential structures built in Boston between 1885 and 1915. In the 1880s, Boston experienced an influx of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Many of the newly arrived lived in densely populated areas of Boston, including the north slope of Beacon Hill, the West End, and the North End. They moved primarily into areas that had been partially black neighborhoods, just as African Americans were relocating to Roxbury, Dorchester, and the South End.</p><br>
<p>Drydock Number One is the oldest operational drydock facility in the United States. Located in Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, it was put into service in 1834, and has been in service since then. Its history includes the refitting of, which was modified to be the Confederate Navy ironclad. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Drydock Number One is located on the west side of the central branch of the Elizabeth River. It measures 319.5 ft in length, and is built of Massachusetts granite, stepped to allow access to and bracing of ships under repair. Stairs at the land end provide access to the various levels.</p><br>
<p>The drydock was built between 1827 and 1834, and cost $974,365.65, a very high price at that time. The drydock was first used in June 1833, when was drydocked for recommissioning, the first time a large vessel was drydocked in the United States.</p><br>
<p>During the opening phase of the American Civil War in April 1861, Union forces were dispatched from Washington on the USS Pawnee to assist in destroying military assets as the shipyard was being abandoned; however, efforts to blow-up the dry dock were unsuccessful. The shipyard was then taken over by the Confederate Navy, which was a severe blow to the Union, and it was here that was modified to become the ironclad.</p><br>
<p>Today, Drydock Number One is still in operation, used primarily to service USA Navy vessels.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Military Institute Historic District is a 12 acre National Historic Landmark District encompassing the historic central core of the Virginia Military Institute campus in Lexington, Virginia. Developed beginning in 1839, the school grew into the premiere military academy in the Southern United States, providing trained military leaders to many of the nation&#39;s wars. The district includes the Barracks, which was separately declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The historic district was designated in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The historic district includes the VMI campus&#39;s central parade ground, a roughly oval greensward that is ringed by campus roads with buildings on the other side. It includes all of those buildings, as well as those lining an eastward-extending tongue on Letcher Avenue, Burma Road, and Stono Lane. The dominant feature of the campus is the Barracks, a sprawling Gothic building with fortress-like crenellations. Its oldest surviving portion dates to 1848, and was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis; it is the only structure to survive Union attacks during the American Civil War, and was a major influence in the design of later buildings.</p><br>
<p>Buildings that were influenced by Daviss work include the main Commandants Quarters, built in 1862, and the Pendleton-Coles House, also Gothic in character but in the Carpenter Gothic style. Later architectural styles on the campus include neocolonial faculty residence buildings on the west side of the parade ground. Near its eastern end, the district includes Stono, the 1818 house of John Jordan, the lead builder of the VMI campus and Centre Hall on the adjacent Washington and Lee University campus.</p><br>
<p>The Old Barracks is a historic building on the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, Virginia. Built in 1848 and repeatedly enlarged and redesigned by a succession of architects, it includes at its core the oldest surviving building of the campus. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its architecture and its association with nation&#39;s oldest state-supported military academy.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The campus of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) is located on the north side of the city of Lexington. At its center is a large parade ground, around which a significant number of the institute&#39;s buildings are arrayed. The Old Barracks are located along the northeastern edge of the ground, forming a long arcing facade. There are three sections, each of which presents a bank of windows, with a projecting central entry. The projecting sections have polygonal towers with crenellated tops at the corners, with similar lower towers at the eastern end of the structure and at the junctions between the sections. The tower at the western end of the structure is square with angled corners, and matches the height of the entrance towers.</p><br>
<p>VMI was founded in 1839, and is the first and best-known of the nations state-funded military academies. Most of the institutes early buildings were demolished during the American Civil War, with only a portion of the barracks building surviving. This portion was designed by architect Alexander Jackson Davis and built in 1848, and was a fine piece of early Gothic Revival architecture that influenced the other buildings present on the campus. In the 1890s the building was redesigned by Isaac Eugene Alexander Rose, and in 1916 it was enlarged to design work by Benjamin Grosvenor Goodhue, which created the first complete quadrangle. In 1948 the building was further extended by the addition of a new wing, designed by Carneal and Johnson.</p><br>
<p>The Full-Scale Tunnel  was a wind tunnel at NASA&#39;s Langley Research Center. It was a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics began construction of the world&#39;s first full-scale wind tunnel, where high-performance airplane would be tested. The design team was led by Smith J. DeFrance. The tunnel was completed in 1931 (dedicated 27 May) at a cost just under $900,000. It was a double-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to 118 miles/hour (190 km/h) through its circuit. It had a 30 ft by 60 ft (9.1 m x 18.3 m) open throat, which is capable of testing aircraft with spans of 40 ft (12.2 m). The wind tunnel was a double-return, atmospheric pressure tunnel with two fans powered by 4,000 hp electric motors.</p><br>
<p>The Vought O3U-1 biplane observation airplane was the first complete airplane tested in the tunnel. After that, it was used to test virtually every high-performance aircraft used by the United States in World War II. For much of the war, when it was operational 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the full-scale tunnel was the only tunnel in the free world large enough to perform these tests.</p><br>
<p>After the war, many types of aircraft were tested in the tunnel including the Harrier jump jet fighter, the F-16, the American supersonic transport, the Space Shuttle and Lunar Landing Test Vehicle. During the 1950s and 1960s, the tunnel was modified and upgraded several times. The principal improvement was adding the ability to test free-flying scale models in the test throat. The wind tunnel was in use through the 2000s, testing procedures such as free-flight and high angle of attack.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985. However, despite this designation and the efforts of some aviation historians, demolition of the tunnel began in 2010. It was documented before its demolition, with the fan blades being salvaged for display. In 2014 its landmark designation was withdrawn and it was removed from the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Eastern Market is a commercial district in Detroit, Michigan. It is located approximately one mile  northeast of the citys downtown and is bordered on the south by Gratiot Avenue, the north by Mack Avenue, the east by St. Aubin Street, and the west by Interstate 75 . It is sometimes referred to as the “Little Italy” of Detroit, although the Italian community has no tight-knit ethnic neighborhood present-day. The district was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978; the districts boundary was increased in 2007. Eastern Market is located on the city&#39;s central east side near St. Joseph Roman Catholic Church and the Lafayette Park neighborhood. The market was transferred from city management in 2006, and now operates through a public-private partnership with the Eastern Market Corporation. Eastern Market is the largest historic public market district in the United</p><br>
<p>States, and the Eastern Market farmers distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States. There are more than 150 food and specialty businesses. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop at the citys historic Eastern Market.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Farmers Market in Detroit was first opened in 1841 at Cadillac Square in the downtown area.</p><br>
<p>117 Years of Service to Detroiters Since 1891 by Ed Deeb from EasternMarket.org In the 1850s, additional markets were opened on the east side of the city (the present location of Eastern Market) and the west side at the corner of Michigan Ave and 18th Street, later the site of a freeway interchange. In the beginning, the eastern market was devoted to hay and wood sales, but in 1891, sales sheds were built and the Farmer&#39;s Market was moved from Cadillac Square to its present location and renamed Eastern Market.</p><br>
<p>Eastern Market grew through the following decades, and additional sheds were constructed in 1922 and 1929. Following World War II, more wholesalers and food processors moved into the area, and Eastern Market developed into an important hub for the wholesale food distribution industry.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the stalls rented by farmers were decorated with paintings of produce and livestock. Over the years, these murals have become Eastern Market logos.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>The market presently covers 43 acre and is the largest historic public market district in the United</p><br>
<p>States. Eastern Market is a selling point for a wide variety of produce, meat, spices and other products. It is particularly busy on Saturdays, when farmers bring in their poultry and livestock, along with fresh produce for sale. Although the market is in the largest historic public market district in the USA, the market itself is operated by the private sector though a public-private partnership with the Eastern Market Corporation. The Eastern Market Corporation has operated the property since 2006. According to Jennifer Knott Giering, President of the Dearborn, Michigan Chamber of Commerce, "Since July 2006, the market has renovated infrastructure, increased attendance and has become a catalyst for development in the neighborhood." Although there is official Detroit Lions tailgating at Ford Field, many tailgaters prefer Eastern Market for Lions home game tailgating.</p><br>
<p>Local and internationally recognized art galleries, studios and makerspaces have recently established spaces nearby, including The Red Bull House of Art, OmniCorp Detroit, Inner State Gallery, Riopelle and Project. Independent eateries, shops and performance spaces such as Trinosophes, Antietam, and People&#39;s Records have arrived in storefront spaces along Gratiot Avenue, and light manufacturing and e-commerce retailers including 1xRun and Cyberoptix continue to operate out of upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The Detroit Festival of Books is a free annual event, which takes place the third Sunday in July at Eastern Market, and attracts over 10,000 attendees.</p><br>
<p>Americas Credit Union Museum is located in Manchester, New Hampshire, on the site of the first credit union founded in the United States. The museum is housed at the original location for St. Marys Cooperative Credit Association, renamed in 1925 to La Caisse Populaire Ste.-Marie, or "Bank of the People", St. Mary&#39;s. In 1996, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Building at 418–420 Notre Dame Ave.</p><br>
<p>What is now the museum was formerly a three-story, three-family dwelling belonging to Joseph Boivin, the manager of the St. Mary&#39;s Cooperative Credit Association. Boivin started the credit union with the help of Monsignor Pierre Hevey and Alphonse Desjardins. The building was donated to the museum by Mr. & Mrs. Armand Lemire. To create the museum, the first two floors were converted into exhibit space about credit union history in the United States. The first floor pays tribute to the founding era of the credit union from 1908 to 1933. The second floor has historical artifacts beginning from 1934, featuring the Estes Park conference that created the Credit Union National Association, and the 1934 Federal Credit Union Act which enabled credit unions to be established in all states in the nation. The third floor contains an 85-person capacity meeting space with LCD projectors.</p><br>
<p>Stone Street Baptist Church is a historic African-American Baptist church in Mobile, Alabama. The congregation was established well before the American Civil War, with Stone Street Baptist recognized today as one of Alabama&#39;s most influential African-American Baptist churches. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stone Street Baptist Church was the second church building constructed by members of this congregation. In 1843, the white trustees of Saint Anthony Street Baptist Church purchased a plot of land at the southwest corner of Chestnut and Tunstall streets for the use of the African branch of the church, which became the Stone Street Baptist Church. Twenty-five years later the title to the property was transferred to the African-American trustees of the Stone Street Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The first African-American pastor for the congregation was Richard Fields. In 1859, after descendants of the Clotilda settled in Africatown, they also joined in with members of Stone Street Baptist Church. These descendants had ancestral roots in Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, and the Kingdom of Whydah, Dahomey, located in present-day Benin. In 1864, Reverend Benjamin Franklin Burke of Richmond, Virginia, became pastor and led the congregation for 38 years, until his death on September 27, 1902. It was Burke who moved the congregation to 311 Cleveland Street in 1870. Cleveland Street was later changed to Tunstall Street in honor of former pastor Dr. Charles A. Tunstall. Reverend K. D. Watkins, who pastored from 1907 to 1915, rebuilt Stone Street Baptist Church in 1909. The church received a major renovation in 1931 under the leadership of Reverend M. C. Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>The Mennonite Settler is a 17-foot limestone statue in Newton, Kansas, honoring Mennonite farmers and their wheat heritage.</p><br>
<p>The statue was crafted in 1942 by Topeka artist Max Nixon out of native Kansas limestone. It depicts a bearded Mennonite farmer with hat in hand, in an attitude of prayer. The sculpture rests on a mosaic tile base with the inscription "Commemorating entry into Kansas from Russia of Turkey Red Hard Wheat by Mennonites 1874." The statue commemorates the introduction from Russia of Turkey Red hard winter wheat by Mennonite settlers, which helped make Kansas the "breadbasket of America." The statue was jointly financed through a community fundraising drive and a Works Progress Administration (WPA) art project.</p><br>
<p>The statue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 and underwent an extensive three-year restoration that was completed in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The mosaic tile base is about 10 ft in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel, also known as Eight-Foot Transonic Tunnel, was a wind tunnel located in Building 641 of NASA&#39;s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It was a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was completed in 1936 at a cost of $36,266,000. Because of its high speed and Bernoulli&#39;s principle, the pressure in the test section is much lower than that in the rest of the tunnel. This required a structure that could withstand an inward force due to the pressure difference. Instead of steel construction, it was built from reinforced concrete with walls up to 1 ft (0.3 m) thick. This resulted in an "igloo-like" structure at the test section. The wind tunnel was designed as a single-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to a Mach number up to 0.75. It was powered by an 8,000 hp electric motor. It was repowered to 16,000 hp to give Mach number 1 capability in 1945. In 1947, the speed was increased to a Mach number of 1.2 with the installation of a contoured nozzle. In 1950, a slotted-throat test section was installed, and it was repowered to 25,000 hp.</p><br>
<p>Because it was the first continuous-flow high-speed tunnel, this tunnel was a landmark in wind tunnel design. This meant it could operate almost indefinitely to produce a high-speed airstream approaching the speed of sound. And it was large enough to accommodate large-scale models and even full-scale aircraft sections.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, the tunnel was the first in the world to be modified to incorporate a slotted throat design. This revolutionary design gave researchers their first accurate data on airframe performance in the transonic range. The tunnel was deactivated in 1956, when a new 8 ft tunnel was built near it.</p><br>
<p>The wind tunnel was used for critical tests that validated the area rule for the design of supersonic aircraft. This said that the fuselage of the aircraft should narrow at the wings and expand at their trailing edges. This resulted in "wasp-waisted" aircraft.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was taken out of service in 1956.</p><br>
<p>There are additional photographs of the wind tunnel in the Historic American Engineering Record collection.</p><br>
<p>St. Agatha&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church located at 144 Circle Drive, in DeFuniak Springs, Florida in the United States. It is a contributing property in the DeFuniak Springs Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1880s, the Rt. Rev. Edwin G. Weed, third bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Florida, found three families of Episcopalians when he visited DeFuniak Springs and from that nucleus St. Agatha&#39;s was born. The first baptism was in 1890 in a private home. Construction of the church building began in 1895. At Easter when the women of the mission wanted services in the unfinished church they asked the men of the church to read Morning Prayer. The men refused stating that the church had not yet been consecrated and no men in the parish had yet been licensed as lay readers to conduct services. The women took matters into their own hands. They decked the lath that was awaiting plaster with flowers and greenery from floor to ceiling. They proceeded to read Morning Prayer. This was long before women became eligible to be licensed as lay readers. The church has the only pipe organ in the county. It was built by a parishioner and completed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the building deteriorated and some repairs were made. Vinyl siding was added to avoid high painting costs. However some of the wood underneath the vinyl rotted. The rains eroded the foundation and the leaded glass windows began to bow. From 2000 to 2007, with the help of matching grants from the state Bureau of Historic Preservation, St. Agatha&#39;s was able to restore its original exterior. Independently they made other repairs needed to restore the church interior and Parish House. The church was rededicated on December 9, 2007.</p><br>
<p>St. Agatha&#39;s has had few full-time priests. The attendance is only around 30-40 people. However, in 2011 members were able to purchase the Charles Murray home to the south of the church. It served as the vicarage for a short time allowing the former vicarage to be used as the parish hall, church office and classrooms. When that priest retired, the Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast established a School for Ministry there early in 2017. The home, also a contributing site in the DeFuniak Springs Historic District is available for church and community meetings, seminars and retreats since the School for Ministry students are present only one long weekend each month. This historic structure also needs repair and a grant has been submitted for this purpose. The church is still a functioning organized mission in the Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Banneker: SW 9 Intermediate Boundary Stone, also known as an Intermediate Stone of the District of Columbia, is a surveyors boundary marker stone. The stone is located on the original boundary of the District of Columbia  The stone is now on the boundary of Arlington County, Virginia and the City of Falls Church. It is within the two jurisdictions Benjamin Banneker Park at 6620 18th Street North, Arlington.</p><br>
<p>The marker stone was named and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 at the instigation of the Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation. The name of the marker honors Benjamin Banneker, a free African American astronomer who in 1792 assisted in the early part of the survey that established the original boundaries of the District of Columbia. The stone was the first of the District of Columbia boundary markers to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The boundary stone is a sandstone block about 1 ft square in cross section, extending about 15 in above ground and probably about 2 ft below ground. The top is rounded and worn. Standardized inscriptions placed on each side of the stone are only partially visible, due in part to the stone&#39;s sinking over time.</p><br>
<p>The words "Jurisdiction of the United States" are inscribed on the northeast side, which faced the federal territory (once the District of Columbia; now Arlington County). The opposite side now facing the City of Falls Church contains the remnant of the word "Virginia". Between those two sides, one side contains the year "1791", while the opposite side contains the remnant of an inscription recording the variation of the compass needle at the stone&#39;s location (indicated as "Var."). A brass marker was once mounted top of the stone, placed in early 1900s by the Daughters of the American Revolution; it has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was a free African American mathematician and astronomer who assisted Andrew Ellicott during the first three months of the 1792 — 1793 survey of the District of Columbias original boundaries. The stone is one of 40 markers that once lined the Districts boundaries. Banneker had left the survey before Ellicott&#39;s team laid this and most of the other boundary marker stones.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Alexandria is a historic bank building located at Alexandria, Virginia, United States. It was built in 1807, and consists of a three-story main block, with a two-story east wing. The main block is five bays wide and 7 bays deep. In 1848, James Green purchased the building and turned it into a hotel, then in 1855, he expanded it across the lawn of the Carlyle House next door, tripling the size of the Mansion House Hotel. The hotel was used as a hospital during the Civil War. In the late 1960&#39;s, the expansion, by then an aging apartment building, was torn down by the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority to reveal Carlyle House, which was restored in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The remaining part of the bank building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is located in the Alexandria Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Building is a 12-story office building in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, built in 1912. It served as headquarters for two commerce associations from 1912 to 1921. It is now a mixed-use commercial, office, and residential building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 for its local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for its association with the business networking organizations that influenced Saint Paul&#39;s late-19th and early-20th-century economic and civic growth.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Commerce Building was originally built to house the Commercial Club of St. Paul and the offices of the St. Paul Association of Commerce. Years later, it reflects the economic strength and civic influence of Saint Paul&#39;s business organizations at the beginning of the 20th century. The Commerce Building is typical of buildings designed to house commercial and civic groups as well as private tenants.</p><br>
<p>Most large American cities had at least one commercial organization by the 1880s. By the turn of the 20th century, terms such as "Board of Trade," "Commercial Club," and "Chamber of Commerce" were common. These organizations sought to strengthen the economic and civic life of their cities. They supported civic reforms and opposed taxes. They also developed local retail trade, attracted new industries, and exposed transportation problems. When possible, they advertised their cities as convention locations. Saint Paul led Minnesota in developing business associations.</p><br>
<p>The St. Paul Commercial Club incorporated in 1891. It opened offices in the Germania Life Insurance Building. The clubs success was almost immediate, and it played an important role in the citys commerce.</p><br>
<p>Commercial Club members announced their intention to build a new headquarters in 1909. Club member and architect Hermann Kretz was chosen to design the new building. Not only was a centralized building desired, but also a consolidated organization. Many local existing business associations had overlapping aims. In 1911 the Commercial Club and several other groups merged to form the St. Paul Association of Commerce. The Commercial Club still continued to function as an independent association after the merger. Construction of what was first known as the Commercial Building and later as the Commerce Building began in April 1911. The period between 1880 and 1920 saw the addition of many new building types to downtown Saint Paul. The most significant was the tall office building built on a steel or concrete skeleton. The office building expressed the growing separation of production and office work. Companies needed more office space and wanted buildings that would convey financial strength.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Building was created on the model of the office building or skyscraper. Its design used the Ransome slab and Turner mushroom systems of concrete construction. Such reinforced concrete construction may have allowed for the rapid completion of the building. It was prepared for interior finishes by October 1911. The interior featured offices and clubrooms on the upper two levels. Terrazzo floors were installed throughout the building along with concrete mushroom columns. The building cost an estimated $250,000 to build.</p><br>
<p>The grand opening of the Commercial Club was on September 9, 1912. It began with the Town Criers&#39; band leading two hundred members from the old headquarters to the new. Saint Paul Mayor Herbert P. Keller and Bishop John Jeremiah Lawler spoke at the opening dinner. The event was followed by a week of festivities around the new quarters.</p><br>
<p>The Association grew over the years and played a key role in the business sector of Minnesota. As labor unions gained strength, rich industrialists saw a need to capture middle-class support. Thus the 1920s saw Saint Pauls business associations expand their roles in labor, womens organizations, and charitable organizations. The depressions of 1921–1923 and 1929–1933 weakened businesses and office rentals throughout the country. The Commerce Building&#39;s tenant losses during those years reflected the problems of the national economy. When the ten-year lease agreement at the Commerce Building ended in 1921, the St. Paul Association of Commerce moved to another building and the Commercial Club dissolved. Another company moved into the former quarters of the Commercial Club.</p><br>
<p>Construction slowed in downtown Saint Paul in the 1930s and 1940s due to the Great Depression and World War II. Many 19th-century buildings were torn down or vacated. Between 1930 and 1945 Saint Paul lost many landmarks, but the Commerce Building survived. It also escaped the urban renewal projects that destroyed many of Saint Paul&#39;s downtown office buildings in the 1950s. In 2008 the Commerce Building was converted into apartment units.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Building is a symbol of the early-twentieth-century success of Saint Pauls business and civic organizations. The St. Paul Commercial Club and St. Paul Association of Commerce were among the first in the country to merge their organizations into a single building. These groups support for the city&#39;s economy reached all aspects of business as well as city planning and the development of charities.</p><br>
<p>The O.H. Booth Hose Company is a former firehouse along Main Street in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It was in use for roughly a century, from the late 1910s to the mid-2000s, when the citys police and fire departments consolidated their operations in a new building across the street. A local firefighters group has proposed turning it into a local fire museum.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story brick building with three bays, which could house two fire engines during its active days. The second and third stories have a distinctive arched window, a feature not normally seen in firehouses of the time.</p><br>
<p>The fire company was established in the mid-19th century, from a predecessor company, the Howard Hose Co. No. 2. Its members were jealous over the new facilities of two rival fire companies, and enough of them resigned that it was disbanded. Oliver H. Booth, the chief, organized the new company and it was named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Around 1908, the company needed a new house on Main Street. Local architect William J. Beardsley, who had recently designed the new Dutchess County Court House, was hired. His building was plainer than other firehouses in the city, but came with an upper story meant to be used as a club. One of his original renderings of the building is on the wall. In 1982, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, one of three firehouses in the city to be so recognized (the other two are the Lady Washington Hose Company and the Niagara Engine House).</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the Exempt Firemans Association (Exempts), a fraternal local volunteer firefighters group founded by Booth in 1886, proposed that the building be reused as a firefighting museum and fire safety education center, due to what its members feel is a lack of awareness of the latter among the citys residents. The city said it was willing to discuss the proposal but only after the fire department had fully vacated the building. According to the head of the city firefighters union, the building is in serious disrepair and will require substantial renovations. The head of the Exempts says his group has the manpower to do the job and could apply for state and federal grants.</p><br>
<p>The Edmund Ruffin Plantation, also known as Marlbourne, is a USA National Historic Landmark in Hanover County, Virginia, 11 mi northeast of Richmond.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1840, the plantation was purchased in 1843 by Edmund Ruffin, a Virginia planter and a pioneer in agricultural improvements; he also published an agricultural journal in the 1840s named the Farmer&#39;s Register. One of a group of intellectuals they called "the sacred circle", he worked to reform agriculture in the South, promoting crop rotation and soil conservation; he is considered to have been "the father of soil science" in the United States. Ruffin experimented with agricultural methods and mixed marl, defined as "a friable earthy deposit consisting of clay and calcium carbonate, used esp. as a fertilizer for soils deficient in lime" to add to soils.</p><br>
<p>He and his friends: James Henry Hammond, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, George Frederick Holmes, and William Gilmore Simms, were pro-slavery and promoted a moral reform of the South. They published numerous articles in literary and short-lived magazines, promoting a stewardship role for masters to improve conditions under slavery.</p><br>
<p>Later Ruffin gained more attention as one of a number of secessionist fire-eaters; he traveled to South Carolina and is credited with firing one of the first shots at Fort Sumter in 1861. Despondent after General Lee&#39;s surrender in 1865, he left a note proclaiming his "unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule—to all political, social and business connections with Yankees, & to the perfidious, malignant, & vile Yankee race" and committed suicide at Redmoor in Amelia County. He is buried on the grounds of Marlbourne.</p><br>
<p>His Marlbourne plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Growdon Mansion, also known as Trevose Manor, is a local historical landmark in Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It played an important role in early Bucks County history. The mansion sits along the Neshaminy Creek in Bensalem, a township that borders the northeast section of Philadelphia, in the northeastern United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Growdon Mansion dates back to the late 17th century, around October 24, 1681, when Cornish father Lawrence Growdon and his son Joseph Growdon, a rich pewterer family from St Merryn, purchased about 5,000 acre from William Penn. In 1683 Joseph Growdon settled on this land and built "The Manor of Bensalem" for their family. Joseph Growdon had a son, Lawrence Growdon, born on March 14, 1693. He then had two daughters, Elizabeth who married Thomas Nickleson of Philadelphia, and Grace Galloway who married Joseph Galloway, a loyalist politician. Grace and Joseph Galloway inherited the land on October 18, 1753, and inherited three tracts of land, Trevose, Belmont (Bensalem, Pennsylvania), and Richelieu in Bensalem township containing a total of 1,425 acres and four tracts in Durham Township containing iron mines and furnaces. The Growdons also acquired property in Bristol (as Lawrence Growdon was named the Merchant of Bristol in 1730) and Philadelphia, from Front to 4th Streets, along Lombard St.</p><br>
<p>Since women could not own property during that time, Joseph Galloway became the sole proprietor. Joseph took their daughter Elizabeth with him to England, and Grace stayed behind to wage an extensive fight to retain the properties in which they (she) had inherited. She had refused to submit to the condition of acknowledging the Patriot rule and renounce her Loyalist ties to receive a pension. A member of one of the wealthiest and most notable families of her day, her reputation was ruined by her marriage to Galloway -- it was guilt by association once he showed his Torry colors. She noted in her will that those properties should be passed on to her daughter, Elizabeth (Betsey), upon her death. Grace Growdon died on February 6, 1782, and Joseph Galloway died on August 29, 1803. Their daughter Elizabeth then had inherited the land and sold it in 1848, when the house again underwent major changes.</p><br>
<p>Galloway was good friends with William Franklin, Benjamin Franklin&#39;s son. Franklin often visited him at his many estates, traveling 25 miles to Trevose from Philadelphia on horseback or by carriage. While a local legend maintains that Franklin performed his famous kite-flying experiment at Growdon Mansion to prove that lightning was the same as static electricity, the broader consensus is that Franklin flew his kite closer to his home in Philadelphia. Other significant historical figures such as George Washington and John Adams have also stayed at the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The Growdon property developed over time and was considered to be one of the strongest and most unusual manors of its day. The home is now operated as a museum by the Historical Society of Bensalem Township. It includes an outbuilding called "The Vault" where the early deeds and county records, as well as papers of Benjamin Franklin, used to be stored.</p><br>
